Surge in Fatal ‘Brain-Eating’ Amoeba Cases Triggers Alarm in Kerala

As cases of a rare but deadly form of encephalitis rise in Kerala, health officials are increasingly concerned about public safety. Since the start of 2023, the state has reported approximately 69 cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), resulting in 19 deaths linked to the Naegleria fowleri amoeba, commonly referred to as the “brain-eating” amoeba. This alarming trend has prompted the government to enhance testing and take preventive measures to combat what they describe as a significant public health challenge.

The state health minister, Veena George, addressed the assembly on September 18, 2023, highlighting that three of the recent fatalities occurred in the past month, including the tragic death of a three-month-old infant. Unlike previous years, the current cases are not clustered around a specific water source, complicating epidemiological efforts. Last year, Kerala recorded 36 cases of PAM with 9 deaths, indicating a concerning increase in 2023.

The infection, caused by free-living amoebae found in freshwater environments such as lakes and rivers, poses a severe risk to the central nervous system. Amoebic encephalitis is rare but often fatal, with a global survival rate of approximately 3%. However, due to advanced testing and diagnostics, Kerala has managed to achieve a survival rate of around 24%, as noted by Minister George in local media reports.

Preventive Measures and Environmental Concerns

In response to the rising cases, the Kerala government has initiated measures such as chlorinating wells, water tanks, and public bathing areas where individuals may come into contact with the amoeba. The authorities are taking proactive steps to ensure that recreational water use does not lead to further infections.

The government has also pointed to climate change as a contributing factor to the problem, with rising water temperatures likely increasing encounters with this pathogen. The combination of warmer waters and more individuals engaging in recreational activities could elevate the risk of exposure, as outlined in a government document published last year.

The surge in PAM cases underscores the need for heightened vigilance and public awareness in Kerala. Health officials continue to work diligently to track and respond to the evolving situation, aiming to protect the community from this rare yet lethal infection.